Lopatynska N.A. - Theoretical principles of studying the mechanism of palatine-pharyngeal dysfunction

Contact: Lopatynska Natalia, PhD of psychology, associate professor, department of special and inclusive education Borys Grinchenko Kyiv University, Kyiv, Ukraine. Academic interests: technologies of logodiagnostic and logocorrectional work with children with special educational needs, the introduction of neurological help for severe and complicated speech development disorders.

Due to the growing number of children with congenital malformations of the lips and palate, it is important to reveal the theoretical foundations of their characteristic symptom - palatine-pharyngeal insufficiency. A retrospective analysis of recent research and publications shows an increase in scientific activity in the study of the mechanism of palatal-pharyngeal (velopharyngeal) closure. The article attempts to systematize information on the directions of scientific research on the mechanism of palatal-pharyngeal closure and palatal  pharyngeal dysfunction: anatomical-physiological, etiopathological, and restorative. The importance of anatomical integrity in the mechanism of palatal-pharyngeal closure is revealed, four physiological mechanisms in the movement of palatal-pharyngeal structures and pharyngeal wall are described: coronary, sagittal, circular, and circular with Passavan crest. The essence of the concept of "palatine-pharyngeal dysfunction" is clarified. Anatomical, functional, social, and symptomatic factors have been determined to be determinants of palatal-pharyngeal closure dysfunction. 
Therefore, the restoration of the function of the palatine-pharyngeal closure should be multidisciplinary: anatomically, physiologically, psychologically, and speech therapy. The article presents an algorithm for conducting a comprehensive assessment of the state of palatine-pharyngeal dysfunction and defines the criteria and indicators of the formation of palatal-pharyngeal closure. According to the results of the study of the state of palatopharyngeal dysfunction, a speech therapist will be able to assess the quality of speech and voice, the degree of hypernasalization, nasal emission, and intraoral air pressure. Analysis of scientific sources representing the study of the problem of correction of palatine-pharyngeal dysfunction in medical and pedagogical theory and practice, provide grounds for identifying ways of its comprehensive recovery: surgical treatment; prosthesis; logo-correction activity. The article attempts to accumulate the achievements of domestic scientists in the system of speech correction work to restore the palatinepharyngeal closure and activate the soft palate. The study and understanding of multidisciplinary knowledge of the theory and practice of overcoming palatal-pharyngeal dysfunction in children with congenital malformations and lips and palate will allow in practice to provide quality speech therapy services.

Keywords: palatal-pharyngeal closure, pharyngeal closure, palatalpharyngeal insufficiency, palatal-pharyngeal dysfunction, pharyngeal
competence.